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'E'  B(D '2 /1¯J1J (' ('(D H 8'G1'&quot; (1'J "FCG GF¯'E D4C1 C4J (G (JF 'DFG1JF E'FF/ "F†G (1'J GHH. 4*1G  ~'/4'G E'/  /1 GF¯'E 92JE*4 (G ,F¯ (' "4H1 ~J4 "E/  /†'1 -EDG 3C'G' F4H/  †F/J /1 FH'-J 41BJ AD'* (G (37 B/1* H *'EJF -/H/ ~1/'.* . ('D'.1G  (' 9(H1 '2 /,DG -EDG (G ('(D 1' ":'2 C1/ H *B1J('&quot; (/HF ,F¯ "F 1' A*- C1/ (538 B.E.) (' A*- ('(D  312EJFG'J "4H1 H 3H1JG H AD37JF GE CG ,2H BDE1HF(HFJ/- ~'/4'G ('(D -&nbsp; (H/ FJ2  (G *51A CH1H4 /1 "E/ . 'E'  /1 ¯J1JG'JJ CG /1 FH'-J 41BJ C4H1 /1 -H'DJ ¯1¯'F H '1'6J (JF /1J'†G .21 H /1J'†G "1'D (1'J 'H ~J4 "E/H 8'G1'&quot; (G E1¯ 'H EF,1 4/ (529 B.E.)  'H 1' '2 'B/'E (G D4C1 C4J (G E51  CG /1 ¯04*G (' DJ/JG H ('(D (16/ HJ GE ~JE'F 4/G (H/F/  E'F9 ¯4* .&nbsp; </font></span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <O:P></O:P> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin"> <font size="3" face="Tahoma">~314  CE(H,JG 'JF EGE 1' 'F,'E /'/ (525 B.E.) H(/JF ¯HFG  E51 H BH1F' (3J1F'&JC) /1 4E'D "A1JB' GE ,2H BDE1H G.'EF4J G' /1 "E/ H 4'GF4'GJ ~'13J G' (G H39* AHB 'D9'/G 'J CG /1 *E'E /FJ'J ('3*'F (J 3'(BG (H/  13J/ . ('D'.1G  /'1JH4 'HD (E91HA (G C(J1) CG (9/ '2 E/* CH*'GJ (521 B.E.) (' 'J,'/ 'EFJ*  '-/'+ 4(CG G'J '1*('7J  H69 BH'FJF H *F8JE *1*J('* E1(H7 (G E'DJ'* 9'/D'FG  (G 'JF /HD* CG /1 H'B9 EJ1'+ CH1H4 (H/  *E1C2 H *-1C H'3*-C'EJ B'(D /H'E (.4J/. E9G0'  D4C1 C4JG'JJ CG /'1JH4 /1 E12G'J :1(J H 4E'D 4'GF4'GJ C1/ H(J4*1 F'81 (G *'EJF H-/* H *E'EJ* "F (H/  /1 "3J'J 5:J1 H JHF'F (' EB'HE*G'JJ EH',G ¯1/J/ (499 B.E.) CG -D "F '2 71JB F8'EJ  (1'J HJ EECF F¯4* (490 B.E.).&nbsp; </font></span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin"> <font size="3" face="Tahoma">~314  .4'J'14' GE CG (9/ '2 'H (G 3D7F* 13J/ (486 B.E.) /1 1A9 'JF EB'HE*G' (480 B.E.) CG '2 9/E *A'GE (JF -J'* JHF'FJ H '5HD -CHE* 41BJ F'4J EJ 4/  *HAJBJ -'5D FC1/. -*J (9/ '2 .4'J'14' (465 B.E.) GE . 'JF 3H!*A'GE (JF 'J1'F (' 4G1G'J JHF'F E/*G' '/'EG J'A* .&nbsp; </font> </span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin"> <font size="3" face="Tahoma">E9G0' ,'F4JF'F /J¯1 /'1JH4 H '2 ,EDG C3'FJ †HF /'1JH4 /HE (404  423 B.E.) H '1/4J1 /HE (358  404 B.E.) CG GJ† JC 01G 'J '2 DJ'B* H C'1/'FJ 'H 1' GE F/'4*F/  /1 -D 3J'3J 'JF E3'DG H -A8 3J'/* 'J1'F /1 FH'-J 41BJ H E/J*1'FG  /†'1 E4CDJ F4/F/. -*J 4H14 E51 (1 6/ 3'*1'~ 'J1'FJ .H/ (415 B.E)  CG JC †F/ "F 312EJF 1' '2 'J1'F ,/' C1/  H H'B9G ('2¯4* /G G2'1 †1JC JHF'FJ '2 'J1'F (401 B.E.) CG F4'FG 69A F8'EJ 'J1'F /1 "F 'J'E (H/  *E'EJ* 4'GF4'GJ 'J1'F 1' E*2D2D FC1/ . (G GEJF /DJD  F8'E'* /'1JH4 (21¯ H */'(J1 3J'3J (96J 3'*1'~G'J 'J1'FJ CG E4'H1'F ~'/4'G'F (H/F/  GE†F'F -'A8 H-/* H *E'EJ* BDE1H G.'EF4J ('BJ E'F/.&nbsp; </font></span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <O:P></O:P></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin"><font size="3" face="Tahoma">'JF BDE1H H3J9 CG '2 -/H/ ,J-HF H 3F/ *' E51 H /1J'J '˜G 1' /1 (1 EJ ¯1A*  /1 9G/ /'1JH4 4'ED *B3JE'* '/'1J EF8EJ ('D: (1 (J3* '3*'F (G1H/H*) J' (J4*1 (C*J(G G') (H/ CG /1 G1 '3*'F (.4*1G = 4G1) JC 3'*1'~ (.4*1~ = .4*1H~'F = 4G1('F) (G 9FH'F H'DJ 9G/G /'1 'EH1 C4H1J (H/ . (' "FCG 'JF H'DJ (1 *E'E 'EH1 E1(H7 (G '3*'F F8'1* A'JB /'4*  A1E'F/G ~'/¯'F '3*'F H F¯G('F '1¯ "F *-* -CE HJ F(H/F/ . 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(C'1*'˜  B17',FG J' C'1JG /1 "3J'J 5:J1) .&nbsp; 1</font></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"><O:P></O:P><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin"><font face="Tahoma"><br> /1 (JF 'JF F'EG'  8'G1' &quot; 312EJFG'J GE (H/ CG 3'*1'~ ,/'¯'FG F/'4* H (G H3JDG 3'*1'~ '3*'F E,'H1 J' F2/JC '/'1G EJ 4/ . DH-G #J FJ2 /1 4H4 (G /3* "E/G '3* CG (G /'1JH4 *9DB /'1/ H F'E C4H1G'J *'(9 1'  (' 'F/C *A'H*  *B1J(' &quot; GE'FF/ "F†G /1 C*J(G FB4 13*E 'H "E/G '3* J'/ EJCF/. AG13* /J¯1J&nbsp; 1' G1H/H* (*H'1J. 3 : 98  89) FBD EJ CF/ CG (96J '7D'9'* ,'D( *H,G 1' CG /1('1G EB/'1 H*1*J( E'DJ'* 'JF FH'-J  (G /3*&nbsp; EJ /G/ . 'D(*G  'JF '7D'9'* E9DHE'* EF/1, /1 C*J(G G' 1' FJ2 *CEJD EJ CF/ . GE†FJF  *,/J/ F81G'JJ 1' GE CG 8'G1'&quot; ¯G ¯'G /1 *B3JE'* '/'1J C4H1 EJ ('J/ ~J4 "E/G ('4/  '1'&G EJ /G/ .&nbsp; </font></span> </span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin; font-size:12pt"> <font face="Tahoma">/1 JC C*J(G E1(H7 (G *.* ,E4J/ FJ2 CG (G F81 EJ 13/ E*9DB (G EB(1G JCJ '2 ~'/4'G'F G.'EF4J H (G '-*E'D BHJ '1/4J1 /HE (-/H/ 358 B.E.) ('4/  AG13* 'BH'E *'(9 4'GF4'GJ  'JF ¯HFG "E/G '3* : ~'13J  E'/J  .H2J  ~'1*J  G1HJ  ('.*1J  3:/J  .H'12EJ  'GD 21F¯  'GD 1.,  +*G ¯H4J  ¯F/G'1J  GF/J  ('GD 3F/) 3C'JJ GHEG H1C  3C'JJ *J2 .H/  ('(DJ  "4H1J  91(  E51J  '1EFJ  'GD C'~'/HCJG  'GD 3'1/  ~H*J  CH4J  C1.'JJ . 'JFCG F'E 'BH'E *'(9 /1 'JF 'J'E CG AB7 (J3* H G4* 3'D (' C4*G 4/F /'1JH4 3HE H 'FB1'6 G.'EF4J G' 330 (B.E.) A'5DG /'1/  (' "F†G /1 C*J(G EB(1G /'1JH4 /1 FB4 13*E /1('1G 312EJFG'J *'(9 HJ "E/G '3*  *B1J('&quot; *A'H*J F/'1/  F4'F EJ /G/ CG G.'EF4J G' *' ~'J'F /H1'F A1E'F1H'JJ H-/* H *E'EJ* BDE1H .H/ 1' -A8 C1/G 'F/ . -*J  B1'JF -'CJ '2 "F '3* CG /1 ~'J'F 9G/ '1/4J1 3HE (338 B.E.) †F/ 3'DJ B(D '2 3BH74'GF4'GJ ~'13  /HD* G.'EF4J (G E1'*( BHJ *1  EF3,E *1 H EF8E *1 '2 ~'J'F 9G/ .4'J'14' (H/G '3* .&nbsp; </font> </span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin; font-size:12pt"> <font face="Tahoma">4C3* /'1JH4 3HE (330  336 B.E.) '2 '3CF/1 GE  :J1 '2 EG'1* ,F¯J A'*- EB/HFJ  </font> </span><span style="font-weight: 400"><font face="Tahoma" size="3">,/'JJ B3E*J '2 3~'G ©G .H/ 1' JHF'FJ EJ /'F3*F/ '2 3~'G&nbsp;/'1JH4 3HE ©G EF,1 (G 4©3* 'H H&nbsp; 3BH7&nbsp;'E~1'7H1J&nbsp;G.'EF4J 4/. &nbsp;</font></span></h3> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin; font-size:12pt"><font face="Tahoma">E/* /H'E 4'GF4'GJ G.'EF4J  /HJ3* H 3J 3'D (H/. A1E'F1H'JJ "F'F /1 BDE1H 4'GF4'GJ  (G .5H5 /1 'H'JD 9G/  EH,( *H39G AD'-*  *'EJF *,'1* H -*J *4HJB *-BJB'* 9DEJ H ,:1'AJ'JJ FJ2 (H/G '3* . E('FJ '.D'BJ 'JF 4'GF4'GJ FJ2 (G .5H5 /1 9G/ C3'FJ E'FF/ CH1H4 ©(Ì1 H /'1JH4 (21¯ E*6EF '-*1'E (G 9B'J/ 'BH'E&nbsp; *'(9 H -E'J* '2 69A' /1 EB'(D 'BHJ' (H/G '3*  '2 D-'8 *'1J.J ,'D( *H,G '3* . (J'FJG E91HA CH1H4 /1 GF¯'E A*- ('(D 1'  E-BB'F JC FEHFG '2E('FJ -BHB (41 /1 9G/ ('3*'F *DBJ C1/G 'F/ .<O:P> </O:P></font></span> <span style="font-weight: 400"><font face="Tahoma" size="3">©G 'E1H2G (1 31 /1 3'2E'F EDD  (9FH'F ©*J(G&nbsp;-BHB (41 F5( 4/G '3*.</font></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-family: Nazanin; font-size:12pt"><font face="Tahoma"><O:P>&nbsp; </O:P></font></span></h3> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><a href="history_achaemenians.htm"><img src="Eng.gif" alt="The picture of button in persian" border="0" width="53" height="23"></a></p> <font color="#333333"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%" id="AutoNumber1"> <tr> <td width="100%"><P align=center><b><SPAN lang=fa> <FONT face="Times New Roman" size="2"><A href="fflag.htm">~1†E 'J1'F</A> - <A href="fMap.htm">FB4G 'J1'F</A> - <A href="fanthro.htm">E1/E 4F'3J</A> - <A href="fClimate.htm">"( H GH'</A> - <A href="flocation.htm">EHB9J* ,:1'AJ'&J</A> - <A href="fhistory.htm">3000 B(D '2 EJD'/ *' 2E'F E9'51</A> - <A href="fscience.htm">9DHE H AFHF</A></FONT></SPAN></b></P></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><P align=center><b><SPAN lang=fa> <FONT face="Times New Roman" size="2"><A href="fculture.htm">A1GF¯ H GF1</A> - <A href="fgeography1.htm">*'1J. 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