ÿþ<html> <head> <meta NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Aghdashlo,aghdashlo,Aqdashlo,aqdashlo,Aghdashloo,Aqdashloo,farhang,FARHANG,CULTURE,culture,FARSI,farsi,TOURISM,tourism,GEOGRAPHY,geography,IRAN,iran,PERSIAN,persian,FARSI,farsi,HISTORY,history,TEHRAN,tehran,AHWAZ,ahvaz,KHORASAN,khorasan,PERSEPOLIS,pesepolis,FERDOSI,ferdosi KHAYAM,khayam,HAFEZ,hafez,SAADI,saadi,poem,prose,celebrities,food, painting, art, anthropology, bakhtiari, shiraz, espahan, esfahan, art,ART, cinema, rug, carpet, handicraft,movie,clip,nazeri,shajarian,shoor,lotfi,mahoor,segah,chahrgah,bakhtiyari, tehran,ahvaz,abadan,gorgan,mashad,isfahan,shiraz,awards,boostan,golestan,shahnameh,kids,moshiri,shamloo,dehkhoda,osadgh, musical instruments,sidahbedar,norooz,food,names,actors,actresses,video,agriculture,economy,fishery,religions,attractive,places, literature,tribes,nomades,technology,highschool,university,molavi,khayam,climate,flag,oil,opec,khaviar "> <meta NAME="description" CONTENT="http://www.farhangsara.com The Non-Profit Cultural Iranian website about everything related to the Iranian Culture, Histoy, Tourism, Economy, Art, Celebrities and etc..."> <title>3DH©@Ì'F</title> <style type="text/css"> a { text-decoration: none; color: blue; background: transparent; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: red; background: transparent; } </style></head> <body background="fimages/lines.jpg" bgproperties="fixed"> <p align="center"><img src="fimages/header_General.jpg" width="708" height="142" alt="fimages/header_General.jpg (47598 bytes)"></p> <p align="center"><a target="_blank" href="fhistory_soloki.htm"> <img border="0" src="history/tarikhiran/soloki.jpg" width="250" height="188"></a></p> <p align="center"><font size="5" color="#003399">3DH©@J'F</font></p> <h3 dir="rtl" align="justify"> <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <font face="Tahoma">J'2/G 3'D (9/ '2 </font></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <font face="Tahoma">E1¯ '3CF/1 CG *E'E "F E/* H -*J †F/ 3'DJ (9/ '2 "F GE ,F¯G'J ,'F4JFJ 'H (JF 31/'1'F4 /1 EF'29'* 7HD'FJ ¯04*  '3*'F ('(D (G H3JDG JC 31/'1 EB/HFJ 'H (G F'E 3DHCH3 CG ~/14 'F*JHCH3 GE '2 31/'1'F AJDJ~H3 (AJDJ~) ~/1 '3CF/1 E-3H( EJ 4/  'A*'/ (312B.E.) . 'H 3~3 '3*'F 'JD'E (.H23*'F H (.4J '2 D13*'F 'E1H2) H 312EJF E'/ ((G '3*+F'J "01('J,'F) 1' GE (1 BDE1H .HJ4 'A2H/ . (/JF ¯HFG  /HD* ~'/4'GJ E3*BDJ (G H,H/ "H1/ CG (G F'E .H/ 'H &quot; /HD* 3DHCJ &quot; (3DHCJ'F) .H'F/G 4/ H ":'2 3D7F* 'H (9/G' (1'J 'JF /HD*  E(/'! *'1J. ¯4* . (*'1J. 3DHCJ) .</font><O:P></O:P><font face="Tahoma"><br> †F/ 3'D (9/  (G /F('D ~J1H2JJ CG /1 ,F¯ (21¯ 'J~3H3 (G /3* "H1/ (301 B.E.)  3H1JG H (.4 9E/G "3J'J 5:J1 1' GE (1 BDE1H H3J9 "3J'JJ .H/ 'A2H/ . BDE1H "3J'JJ 'H /1 "F GF¯'E  *E'E (.4 "3J'JJ E*51A'* '3CF/1 1' 4'ED EJ 4/ H '2 3H'-D 41BJ E/J*1'FG *B1J('&quot; *' C1'FG G'J 3J-HF 1' /1 (1 EJ ¯1A* . 'E' †HF 'JF 'E~1'*H1J CG /1 "3J' /1 H'B9 ,'F4JF 4'GF4'GJ G.'EF4J E-3H( EJ 4/  (1 .D'A "F /HD* /1 'JF FH'-J GJ† ~'J¯'G BHEJ F/'4* H (G CDJ JC /HD* ',F(J (G 4E'1 EJ "E/ . GEJF H39*&nbsp; AHB 'D9'/G BDE1H H '4*E'D4 (1 'BH'E H 312EJFG'J E*FH9  '/'EG 3D7G H -A8 H-/* H *E'EJ* "F 1' /4H'1 EJ C1/ . '2 'JF 1H  3DHCH3 H ~314 'F*JHCH3 CG '2 'H'.1 9E1 ~/1 41JC 'H (H/ (' 'B/'E (G 'J,'/ 4G1G' H EG',1F4JFG'J JHF'FJ  EB/HFJ /1 /'.D "3J'  3J'3*&nbsp; JHF'FJ E"( C1/F "3J' 1' CG '3CF/1 (1'J '/'1G "3J' 71- C1/G (H/  /F('D C1/F/ . '2 'JF 1H  /1 E/* A1H'F1H'JJ 3DHCH3 'HD H 'F*JHCH3 'HD :J1 '2 (J3* H ~F, 4G1 JHF'FJ CG (G H3JDG '3CF/1 /1 "3J' (G H,H/ "E/  *9/'/ 2J'/J 4G1G'J JHF'FJ F4JF ,/J/ FJ2 '-/'+ ¯4* . 'JF 4G1G' CG .H/ ('D: (1 45* 4G1 (H/F/  '2 E12G'J :1(J "3J'J 5:J1 *' CF'1G 3J-HF H 3F/ '-/'+ ¯4*F/ CG :'D('&quot; (G F'E 3DHCH3 H 'F*JHCH3  &quot; 3DHCJG &quot; H&quot; 'F7'CJG &quot; .H'F/G EJ 4/F/  J' (G F'E E'/1 H 2F 3DHCH3  (G *1*J( &quot; D'&H/JCJ'&quot; (D'0BJG) H &quot; "~'E&' &quot; ('A'EJG) F'E ¯1A*F/ . /1 1'3 'JF 4G1G'  EJ *H'F '2 3DHCJG F'E (1/ . GE†FJF /1 C1'FG :1(J /,DG CG *.*¯'G HD'J'* 41BJ 3DHCJ'F E-3H( EJ 4/ H 'F7'CJG /1 3H1JG /1 3'-D FG1'D95J (</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><span dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt">Orontos</span></font><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"><font face="Tahoma">) CG *.*¯'G /HD* 3H1JG .'F/'F 3DHCJ (G 4E'1 EJ "E/ . 4G1G'J /J¯1  4'ED ~'F2/G 'F7'CJG /J¯1  †G'1 3DHCJG  G4* D'&H/JCJG H /H'~'E&' EJ 4/ CG *9/'/ C+J1J '2 "FG' /1 /'.D AD'* 'J1'F '2 E'/ H ~'13 *' ~'1* (.1'3'F) H 3J3*'F H'B9 (H/F/ . 4G1G'J /J¯1 GE CG /1 "FG' EG',1'F EB/HFJ H JHF'FJ 3'CF 4/F/  F'EG'J JHF'FJ J'A*F/ . '2 ,EDG  312EJF 1J (1¯) &quot; 'H1H~H4 &quot; .H'F/G 4/ H "F†G 'E1H2 FG'HF/ F'E /'1/  /1 "F 'J'E (G 9FH'F &quot; D'&H/JCJG &quot; .H'F/G 4/. /1~'13  E1HH3J3*'F FJ2  4G1G'JJ (G F'E 'F7'CJG (G H,H/ "E/  /1 'JD'E GE D''BD 3G 4G1 (G F'E '3CF/1JG .H'F/G 4/  /1 G1'* (G1JHG) H -*J / 312EJF 3:/ FJ2  4G1G'J (G GEJF F'E ~' ¯1A* . GE†FJF (G EG',1'F JHF'FJ H EB/HFJ CG (G 'JF 4G1G' ,D( EJ 4/F/  B79G 2EJFJ (1'J 3CHF* H C4* H C'1 /'/G EJ 4/ H /1 EB'(D  ./E'* F8'EJ (1 "F'F 'D2'EJ EJ ¯4* . '-/'+ 'JF 4G1G'  F'81 (G 'J,'/ ~'/¯'FG'J F8'EJ H 0.J1G /1 FB'7 3HB 'D,J4J (1'J EB'(DG (' 4H14G'J E-DJ H6/ 3DHCJ (H/ . GE†FJF  /A9 G1 ¯HFG *H7&G H4H14 (J¯'FG 1' FJ2 *3GJD </font> <O:P></O:P> <font face="Tahoma"><br> EJ C1/ . (' "FCG 'JF 4G1G' (G H3JDG 4H1'G' H 3'2E'FG'J JHF'FJ H EH'AB "/'( H *1*J('* E9EHD /1 JHF'F H EB/HFJG '/'1G EJ 4/  :'D('&quot; '1'/G ~'/4'G /1 'C+1 "FG' (1 3'J1 EH'2JF -'CE (H/ H -C'E H 4H1'G' /1 9ED  GEH'1G FB4 'FA9'DJ /'4*F/ . '2 D-'8 '/'1J BDE1H 3DHCJ  (D''BD /1 /H1'F '9*D'J "F CG (9/ '2 3G †G'1 F3D '2 '.D'A 3DHCH3 ~'J'F J'A*) 4'ED -/H/ GA*'/ H /H -H2G -CE1'FJ (H/ CG G1 †F/ -H2G "F  JC '3*'F (3'*1'~J) 1' *4CJD EJ /'/  'E' (' H,H/ '3*BD'D E-DJ 3'*1'~G'  -CE ~'/4'G 3DHCJ (1 31'31 BDE1H HJ F'A0 (H/ . ~'/4'G (1 '9E'D -C'E *'(9 F8'1* H '41'A /'4* H (1'J '9E'D 'JF F8'1*  /1('1 'H ¯'G (G 5H1* JC '1/HJ E*-1C F8'EJ /1 FH'-J E.*DA C4H1 /1 -'D -1C* (H/. E9G0'  (' /1¯J1JG'JJ CG 3G †G'1 *F ,'F4JF'F (D'A'5DG (9/ '2 3DHCH3 /1 3H1JG H "3J'J 5:J1 ~J/' C1/F/  F8'1* EF8E H (D'H'37G "F'F (1 HD'J'* 41BJ  */1J,'&quot; C'3*J ¯1A* . GE†FJF  (' 9C3 'D9EDG'J 6/ ',F(J CG -*J '2 9G/ 3DHCH3 'HD /1 E'/ 8'G1 4/ H JC ('1 GE JC 4'G2'/G 3DHCJ /1 'JF HB'J9 (G GE/3*J (' E.'DA'F E*GE ¯4*  3D7G "F'F /1 HD'J'* 'J1'FJ (G 7H1 E-3H3J 1H(G 2H'D 1A* .</font><O:P></O:P></span></h3> <p dir="rtl" align="justify"><font face="Tahoma"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <br> 31'F,'E  JHF'FJG' ('.*1 /1 EB'(D /HD* EB/HFJ 3DHCJ /'9JG '3*BD'D H 'FA5'D J'A* (250 B.E.) . /1 ~J "F  HD'J'* ~'1* H ¯1¯'F GE *-* 1G(1J .'F/'F '14C '2 31C1/¯'F 94'J1 'J1'FJ "F FH'-J  31 '2 1(BG 'FBJ'/ BHE (1*'A* (-/H/ 247B.E.). 3DHCJ'F CG :'D('&quot; /1 3H1JG /†'1 C4EC4G'J E-DJ H -*J .'F¯J (H/F/  EHAB (G 'D-'B E,// 'JF FH'-J (G BDE1H .HJ4 F¯1/J/F/ . -*J  /1 EB'(D (37 'JF /HD* ,/J/&nbsp; 'J1'FJ  HD'J'* E'/ H ~'13 H 'JD'E H ('(D 1' GE '2 /3* /'/F/ (140 B.E.) . '2 "F ~3 &nbsp; BDE1H "F'F EF-51 (G 3H1JG 4/. 'E'  /1 "F,' FJ2 (' *H39G 7D(J 1HE EH',G 4/F/ CG '3*:1'B "F'F /1 ,F¯G'J .'F¯J H /3J3G H A3'/ H 9J'4J  'EC'F EB'HE* /1 E7'D9 1HE 1' (1'J "F'F ('BJ F¯0'4* . (/JF ¯HFG  'E~1'*H1J E-/H/ H /1 -'D 'F-7'7 3DHCJ (9/ '2 F2/JC /HJ3* ~F,'G 3'D A1E'F1H'JJ 'FB1'6 J'A* (64 B.E.) .<br> </span></font><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <font face="Tahoma">3DHC3 'HD  E91HA (G A'*- (FJC'*H1) 'HDJF *.*¯'G .H/ 1' /1 ('(D 3'.* (3DHCJG) . 'H ~3 '2 ~J1H2J (1 3H1JG  'F7'CJG 1' /1 CF'1 FG1'D9'5J *.*¯'G /'&EJ .H/ B1'1 /'/ H '.D'A 'H FJ2 (9/ '2 "FCG 3DHCJG ('(D GE 1'F/G 4/F/  'E~1'*H1J 3DHCJ 1' /1 9ED (G /HD* 3H1JG #J E(/D C1/F/ CG "F FJ2 79EG 1HE ¯4* .</font><O:P></O:P><font face="Tahoma">3DHCH3 'HD (9/ '2 3J H/H 3'D 3D7F* /1 EHB9J CG 9'2E *3.J1 EB/HFJG (H/  C4*G 4/ (281 B.E.). ~314  'F*JHCH3 'HD CG '2 'H'.1 9E1 ~/1(' HJ /1 3D7F* 41JC 4/ (293 B.E.) HB*J (G ,'J 'H F43*  '2 /9'HJ ~/1 (1 EB/HFJG (278 B.E.) H "3J'J 5:J1 51A F81 C1/ (261 B.E.) . 'E'  (' B/1* /1 EB'(D G,HE 7H'JA H-4J (1 FH'-J E12J BDE1H .HJ4 'J3*'/ (273 B.E.) H 9FH'F EF,J (3H*1 </font></span> <font face="Tahoma"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt"> soter </span></font> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <font face="Tahoma">&nbsp;)J'A* . FB4 'H /1 'J,'/ 4G1G'J JHF'FJ  B'(D ED'-8G (H/ . /1 H'B9  B3E* 9E/G 'JF 71- (G H3JDG 'H (G 'F,'E 13J/ . ~31 HJ 'F*JHC3 /HE CG (9/ '2 'H (G 3D7F* 13J/  G1 †F/ (.4J '2 "F†G 1' CG ~/14 9E/'&quot; '2 /3* /'/G (H/ '9'/G C1/  (251 B.E.) 'E' (G '9'/G B/1* /1 BDE1H EJ1'+ J'A*G EHAB F4/ . 'H -*J (' '2/H', H 7D'B JC 4'G/ .* E51J  'H'.1 'J'E A1E'F1H'JJ .H/ 1' FJ2 B1JF ':*4'4 3'.* .</font><O:P></O:P><font face="Tahoma"><br> (' 3D7F* ~31 H ,'F4JF 'H  3DHCH3 /HE (225-246 B.E.) 9H'ED *,2JG H '.*D'A */1J,'&quot; /HD* 3DHCJ 1' (' /4H'1JG'J ,/J EH',G 3'.* . HJ  FG B'/1 (G /A9 7:J'F ('.*1 H ~'1* 4/ H FG /1 C4EC4G'JJ CG (' E51 J'A*  -J+J* /HD* .H/ 1' *'EJF C1/ . 3D7F* ~31 H ,'F4JF 'H (3DHCH3 3HE) AB7 /H 3'D (223  225 B.E.) (G 7HD 'F,'EJ/ . (1'/14  'F*JHCH3 3HE (187  223 B.E.) E91HA (G &quot; C(J1 &quot; /1 D4C1 C4J (G 41B  ('.*1 H ~'1* '4C'FJ'F 1' (G '8G'1 'FBJ'/ H'/'4* . 'E'  /1 -EDG #J CG (G .'C JHF'F C1/  (' B/1* 1HE (1.H1/ C1/ (188B.E.) H /†'1HGF H 33*J ¯1/J/ . ~314 3DHCH3 †G'1E CG (9/ '2 'H (G 3D7F* 13J/ (187 B.E.) H AJDH~'*1 (</font></span><font face="Tahoma"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt">Philopater</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin">) .H'F/G 4/  3J'3* ~/1 1' /1 19'J* -3F GE,H'1J (' 1HE E1'9'* C1/ . GE†FJF  (' E51 H EB/HFJG FJ2 G1'2 G1¯HFG /1 ¯J1J  .H/'1J H12J/. 'H (G /3* H2J1 .H/ GDJH/H1H3 (</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt">Heliodorus</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin">) F'E C4*G 4/ (175 B.E.) H 9D* B*D4 FJ2 E,GHD E'F/ . 'F*JHCH3 †G'1E CG (9/ '2 3D7F*&nbsp; J'A*  (1'/1 'H(H/ . .4HF* HJ /1 AD37JF (' EB'HE* JGH/ EH',G 4/. CH44J GE CG /1 E51 (1'J *3.J1 "F 312EJF C1/  (' /.'D* 1HE F' EHAB E'F/ . 'F*JHCH3 †G'1E  ,G* 1A9 "F†G 'H "F 1' &quot; :'&DG ~'1* &quot; EJ .H'F/  D4C1J GE (G 41B C4J/ .'E'  *HAJBJ FJ'A* H ,'F4 1' FJ2 (1 31 'JF C'1 FG'/ (163 B.E.) . 3D7F* ~314  'F*JHCH3 ~F,E  E/* 2J'/J 7HD FC4J/ . HJ JC 3'D (9/ '2 ,DH3 /1 'F7'CJG (G H3JDG /JE*1JH3 (~31 3DHCH3 †G'1E) (G B*D 13J/ (162 B.E.) /JE*1JH3 CG †F/ (G 9FH'F ¯1H¯'F /1 1HE 2J3*G (H/  /1 ('2¯4* (G 3H1JG  /1 /F('D :D(G (1 E/9J  *' -/H/J (G '9'/G F8E *HAJB J'A* H .H/ 1' EF,J (3H*1 </span> <span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt">Soter </span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin">&nbsp;) F'EJ/ . 4H14 JGH/ 1' GE CG '2 †F/ 3'DJ ~J4 '2 HJ /1 AD37JF EH,( ':*4'4 4/G (H/ 31CH( C1/ (161B.E.) 'E' *HAJBJ CG /1 'JF C'1 J'A* H-4* H 3H!8F GE3'J¯'F 1' *-1JC C1/ . 31'F,'E  /1 ,F¯ (' JC E/9J EH3HE (G 'DC3'F/1('D'3</span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin">(</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt">A.Balas) </span></font> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Nazanin"> <font face="Tahoma">CG GE3'J¯'F4  '2 ,EDG E51 'H 1' 6/ HJ *-1JC C1/G (H/F/ C4*G 4/ (150 B.E.) . A1E'F1H'JJ 'DC3'F/1('D'3 (145-150 B.E.) CG .H/ 1' ~31 H H'1+ 'F*JHCH3 †G'1E EJ .H'F/  31":'2 JC F2'9 (/A1,'E .'F¯J /1 .'F/'F 3DHCJ (H/ CG 69A H 'F-7'7 B79J B/1* "F .'F/'F 1' /1 ~J /'4* . *H39G B/1* '4C'FJ'F /1 ,'F( :1(  G1 1H2 (J4 '2~J4 3DHCJ'F 1' (G 3HJ 3H1JG (G 9B( F4JFJ H'/'1 EJ C1/ . *D'4 F'EHAB /JE*1JH3 /HE GE CG (1'J /A9 :'&DG ~'1* (G "F,' D4C1C4J C1/  (G 4C3* H '3'1* 'H 'F,'EJ/ (141 B.E.) . (' "FCG (1'/1 H ,'F4JF 'H  'F*JH CH3 GA*E /1 E/* '3'1* 'H *HAJB B'(D ED'-8G #J /1 :D(G (1 /4H'1JG' J'A*  'E' 4C3* 'H /1 ,F¯ (' '4C'FJ'F (129 B.E.) 31'F,'E (G B/1* 3DHCJG' /1 HD'J'* 41BJ .'*EG /'/ . '2 "F ~3  BDE1H 3DHCJ'F EF-51(G 3H1JG ¯4* H /1 "F,' FJ2 3D7F* "F'F *' 'FB1'6 FG'JJ (G /3* 1HE (64 B.E.) /1 ,F¯G'J .'F¯J H /1 C4EC4G'J (J 31'F,'E ¯04* . </font> <O:P></O:P> <font face="Tahoma"><br> '2 /HJ3* H †GD H G4* 3'D (64  321 B.E.) E/* 3D7F* "F'F  'J1'F (J4 '2 45* H ~F, 3'D (247-312 B.E.) (G *E'EJ /1 *.* A1E'F "F'F ('BJ E'F/ .</font><O:P></O:P></span></p> <p align="center"><a href="history_alexander.htm"><img src="Eng.gif" alt="The picture of button in persian" border="0" width="53" height="23"></a></p> <small> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="80%" id="AutoNumber1"> <tr> <td width="100%"><P align=center><b><SPAN lang=fa> <FONT face="Times New Roman" size="2"><A href="fflag.htm">~1†E 'J1'F</A> - <A href="fMap.htm">FB4G 'J1'F</A> - <A href="fanthro.htm">E1/E 4F'3J</A> - <A href="fClimate.htm">"( H GH'</A> - <A href="flocation.htm">EHB9J* ,:1'AJ'&J</A> - <A href="fhistory.htm">3000 B(D '2 EJD'/ *' 2E'F E9'51</A> - <A href="fscience.htm">9DHE H AFHF</A></FONT></SPAN></b></P></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><P align=center><b><SPAN lang=fa> <FONT face="Times New Roman" size="2"><A href="fculture.htm">A1GF¯ H GF1</A> - <A href="fgeography1.htm">*'1J. 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